Understanding Refrigerants & EPA Rules

If you’ve been in the HVAC world for a while, you’ve seen refrigerants come and go. From R-22 to R-410A, and now to R-32 and R-454B — the industry keeps evolving. Let’s break down what’s changing, why it’s happening, and what it means for you.

The Purpose of Refrigerants

Refrigerants are the working fluids that move heat in an HVAC system — they absorb heat indoors and release it outdoors (and vice versa for heat pumps). The key is finding refrigerants that are efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly.

The EPA & AIM Act

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates refrigerants under the AIM Act (American Innovation and Manufacturing Act), which aims to phase down the use of high global warming potential (GWP) substances — including older refrigerants like R-410A.

By January 1, 2025, the EPA will restrict manufacturing and import of new HVAC systems using R-410A. Servicing existing systems will still be allowed, but manufacturers are already transitioning to next-generation refrigerants.

Why R-410A Is Being Phased Out

High GWP: R-410A has a global warming potential of about 2,088 — much higher than new alternatives.
Regulatory phase-down: The AIM Act mandates an 85% reduction in HFC usage by 2036.
Advances in technology: New refrigerants like R-32 and R-454B are more efficient and climate-friendly.

Meet the New Refrigerants: R-32 & R-454B

Refrigerant	GWP	Classification	Pressure	Key Benefit
R-410A	2,088	A1 (non-flammable)	High	Legacy standard, reliable but high GWP
R-32	675	A2L (low flammability)	Slightly higher	Efficient, widely adopted globally
R-454B	466	A2L (low flammability)	Similar to R-410A	Drop-in replacement for manufacturers

What Are A2L Refrigerants?

A2L refrigerants are a new class with low flammability and low global warming potential. They balance safety, efficiency, and environmental responsibility. Special handling and labeling requirements apply, but they’re safe when installed correctly.

Lower GWP = less environmental impact
Operate at similar pressures to R-410A
Require updated tools, gauges, and recovery equipment

Efficiency Improvements

New refrigerants aren’t just better for the environment — they’re more efficient too. Paired with inverter-driven compressors, many systems using R-32 or R-454B achieve:

SEER2 ratings up to 24–26+ for premium models
HSPF2 ratings near 10+ for high-performance heat pumps
Up to 30% lower refrigerant charge volume compared to R-410A
Reduced operating pressure, improving long-term reliability

What Installers & Homeowners Need to Know

R-410A systems cannot be retrofitted to use R-32 or R-454B — they require dedicated components and charge levels.
New EPA labeling and technician certifications are required for A2L refrigerants.
Always verify local code compliance before installing A2L systems indoors.
Stocking up on R-410A parts and refrigerant may help maintain older systems through the transition.

Environmental Impact

Switching from R-410A (GWP 2088) to R-454B (GWP 466) cuts refrigerant-related emissions by nearly 80% — a major win for sustainability. Combine that with the growing grid of renewable electricity, and heat pumps become one of the most eco-friendly HVAC solutions ever.

FAQ

Can I still buy R-410A systems?

Yes, until the end of 2024. After that, only existing inventory can be sold. Servicing older R-410A systems will remain legal for years to come.

Do I need new tools for A2L refrigerants?

Yes. A2L systems require specialized gauges, recovery units, and leak detectors rated for mildly flammable refrigerants. Always follow manufacturer and EPA safety standards.

Which is better — R-32 or R-454B?

Both are excellent low-GWP options. R-32 offers higher efficiency, while R-454B operates at pressures closer to R-410A and may be easier to transition for manufacturers.

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Refrigerants · Heat Pumps · HVAC Tools & Gauges